Suchergebnisse

This thesis highlights the very important influence of dwelling in the contemporary territorial framework, through the historical analysis of American, Brazilian and South African contexts. Since the nineteenth century, a lot of residents and property owners, sometimes backed by the real estate industry, extended their control and powers in a shared way beyond the spatial limits of houses and individual plots. They secured thereby the quality of life, the prestige and the property values inside the residential area. By doing so, they created true dwelling territories that impacted the functioning of metropolitan areas as well in the spatial field, with the establishment of residential communities, as in the institutional domain, through the proliferation of management and governance bodies. The relatively recent spread of gated communities, which are generally administered by homeowners or neighbourhood associations, explicitly illustrates this double dynamic. The thesis thus relates how the dwelling has been progressively territorialized since the nineteenth century. Furthermore, this phenomenon has been studied in parallel to a process of democratization of societies. In the three countries selected for this research, the empowerment at the neighbourhood level began in a post-abolition era. Then, the residential environments have been thought, more particularly in the upper middle and wealthy classes, as protective surroundings against the deep changes and problems experienced by urban areas at this time, but also as a way to reintroduce a racial and social hierarchy by means of segregation practices, when the previous slave order had just been set aside. This doctoral research aims to demonstrate that this historical root of the contemporary dwelling, largely designed in opposition to the city and sometimes even to a relatively more democratic functioning of the society, continues to influence the residential trends in some aspects. ; Cette thèse met en évidence, à travers l'analyse historique de contextes ...

This thesis highlights the very important influence of dwelling in the contemporary territorial framework, through the historical analysis of American, Brazilian and South African contexts. Since the nineteenth century, a lot of residents and property owners, sometimes backed by the real estate industry, extended their control and powers in a shared way beyond the spatial limits of houses and individual plots. They secured thereby the quality of life, the prestige and the property values inside the residential area. By doing so, they created true dwelling territories that impacted the functioning of metropolitan areas as well in the spatial field, with the establishment of residential communities, as in the institutional domain, through the proliferation of management and governance bodies. The relatively recent spread of gated communities, which are generally administered by homeowners or neighbourhood associations, explicitly illustrates this double dynamic. The thesis thus relates how the dwelling has been progressively territorialized since the nineteenth century. Furthermore, this phenomenon has been studied in parallel to a process of democratization of societies. In the three countries selected for this research, the empowerment at the neighbourhood level began in a post-abolition era. Then, the residential environments have been thought, more particularly in the upper middle and wealthy classes, as protective surroundings against the deep changes and problems experienced by urban areas at this time, but also as a way to reintroduce a racial and social hierarchy by means of segregation practices, when the previous slave order had just been set aside. This doctoral research aims to demonstrate that this historical root of the contemporary dwelling, largely designed in opposition to the city and sometimes even to a relatively more democratic functioning of the society, continues to influence the residential trends in some aspects. ; Cette thèse met en évidence, à travers l'analyse historique de contextes états-uniens, brésiliens et sud-africains, l'ampleur considérable prise par la dimension habitante dans l'architecture territoriale contemporaine. Depuis le dix-neuvième siècle, nombre de riverains et propriétaires, parfois aidés d'acteurs du secteur immobilier, ont étendu de manière mutualisée leur contrôle et leurs pouvoirs au-delà du domicile et de la simple parcelle individuelle, l'objectif étant notamment d'assurer une qualité de vie, un prestige et la valeur des biens au sein de l'environnement résidentiel. Agissant ainsi, ils ont de fait constitué de véritables territoires habitants, qui ont marqué le fonctionnement des agglomérations tout aussi bien dans le champ spatial, étant donné l'établissement de domaine résidentiels, que sur le plan institutionnel, avec la multiplication d'organes de gestion et de gouvernance. La propagation relativement récente d'ensembles résidentiels fermés, généralement administrés par des associations de propriétaires ou de riverains, illustre de manière particulièrement explicite cette double dynamique. La thèse relate ainsi comment l'habiter s'est peu à peu territorialisé depuis le dix-neuvième siècle. En outre, il fut entrepris l'étude de ce phénomène parallèlement à un processus de démocratisation des sociétés. Dans les trois pays sélectionnés pour cette recherche, l'affirmation de l'échelon habitant s'est initiée dans un contexte post-abolitionniste. L'environnement résidentiel fut alors pensé, notamment chez les strates sociales supérieures, comme un cadre protecteur face aux profondes mutations et problèmes de l'urbain de l'époque, mais également comme le moyen de réintroduire au moyen de pratiques ségrégatives une hiérarchie sociale et raciale, alors que l'ancien ordre esclavagiste venait d'être démantelé. Cette recherche doctorale cherche à démontrer que cette racine historique, d'un habiter contemporain se territorialisant face à la ville et parfois même à un fonctionnement relativement plus démocratique de la société, continue à influencer les tendances résidentielles par certains aspects.

Recently, authors Vandergeest and Peluso have discussed the process of territorialization in Siam/Thailand, where the state has gradually expanded its control over natural resources through its legal machinery and associated classifications of the natural environment. While Vandergeest and Peluso focus on the process of territorialization from the perspective of the Thai State, this article examines the same process from the perspective of nongovernmental organizations and forest-dwelling farmers. Of particular interest is a project launched by the Northern Farmer's Network to "ordain" 50 million trees in community forests throughout Northern Thailand in 1996 to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the king's accession to the throne. This essentially Buddhist ceremony has since been conducted in numerous Buddhist as well as non-Buddhist rural communities. The authors argue that these communities apply the tree ordination ceremony as a tool to counter the territorialization of the Thai state by reasserting local identities and environmental responsibilities. By invoking Buddhist symbols and the honor of the king, the rural groups - many of which fear eviction from forested areas classified as national parks - identify themselves positively with modern Thai society in order to contest their public depiction as "enemies of the nation." This article analyzes the process of territorialization and counter-territorialization in Thai society by discussing classifications and associated landscapes in the environmental debate in Thailand. Furthermore, the tree ordination project undertaken by the Northern Farmers' Network is analyzed based on cases from the Mae Chaem district in Chiang Mai Province. (Crit Asian Stud/DÜI)

This dissertation examines the operation of neoliberal environmentality through the instrumentalization of the Greater Sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) in Wyoming. It treats technological interventions within environmental construction as generating biotic-machinic entanglements termed technonature. I present the formation and operation of the Wyoming Conservation Exchange as a case study of technonatural territorialization connected to global trona and hydrocarbon commodity flows. The theoretical framework elaborates how "the environment" is constructed and governed through tactical instrumental deployments connected to technocratic management allowing economically powerful actors to inscribe their desires within Wyoming's landscape, politics and biota as a function of environmental security related to commodity development. The question motivating this work is "Whose environment is the Environmental Defense Fund defending?" The Greater Sage-grouse has become an object of U.S. Federal environmental governance since the late 1990's. It has experienced significant population declines due to anthropogenic disturbance and habitat loss through industrial action across its range. Wyoming's Sagebrush Steppe contains 37.5% of the remaining range wide population. The grouse was listed as a candidate species under the 1973 U.S. Endangered Species Act triggering responses from Federal, State, and international wildlife management agencies, as well as environmental non-governmental organizations. Wyoming could lose nearly a quarter of its surface should Federal regulations require the designation of critical sage-grouse habitat. Governor Dave Freudenthal signed Executive Order 2008-2 into law in response to the regulatory threat to Wyoming's hydrocarbon and mineral based economy. The grouse, in response was de-listed as a candidate species in 2015 by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. EO 2008-2 established the Wyoming Core Area Strategy as a statewide conservation umbrella and laid the framework for a habitat mitigation economy allowing industrial activity to continue within sage-grouse habitat. This incentivized the Environmental Defense Fund (EDF) to test a market-based instrument a habitat exchange within Wyoming. The Greater Sage-grouse is a test species as it is highly sensitive to changes in its environment and this dissertation examines how the habitat mitigation economy advanced by EDF is drawing the grouse into global commodity networks as a territorialization process for global flows of hydrocarbons and minerals. At stake is the ability to write the history of the species, land, and the global environment as EDF develops conservation technologies prioritizing flows critical to the hydrocarbon environment through the technology of the Wyoming Conservation Exchange. ; Doctor of Philosophy ; The Greater Sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) entered Euro-American scientific study as early as the Lewis and Clark expedition as they explored the Intermountain region of Western North America. The first thorough scientific study of the sage-grouse in the 20th Century, The Sage Grouse in Wyoming, by Dr. Robert Lansing Patterson included the effects of anthropogenic disturbance on grouse populations. Since the 1952 publication of Patterson's study, Greater Sage-grouse numbers have been declining as the bird loses its home to encroachments such as urbanization, agriculture, grazing, mining, and fossil fuel extraction. The last stronghold of the grouse is the Sagebrush Steppe within Wyoming containing nearly 40% of the remaining population. Known for its flamboyant mating displays, the ground-dwelling avian species has become a political flashpoint in conservation, land management, and environmental circles as its numbers declined steadily since the 1990's due to an accelerating energy boom threatening its habitat. The bird became a threat to extractive industry in Wyoming at the turn of the Millennium as environmentally concerned groups petitioned the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (UFWS) to evaluate its populations under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). Nearly a quarter of Wyoming's surface would be strictly policed as critical habitat were the grouse listed as endangered or threatened under the ESA. Wyoming and its partners created the Wyoming Core Area Protection Strategy (CAP) as a wildlife management framework through Executive Order 2008-2. The Wyoming CAP includes the foundation of a habitat mitigation economy allowing industry to trade surface disturbances within critical sage-grouse habitat for modified land purportedly to the benefit of the species. The Nature Conservancy invited the Environmental Defense Fund to form the Wyoming Conservation Exchange a market-based conservation instrument tailored to trading in habitat mitigation credits. This dissertation studies the Wyoming Conservation Exchange as an instrument connected to larger networks of wildlife management agencies, non-governmental organizations, and mining and fossil fuel interests. It evaluates the effects of the Wyoming Conservation Exchange and the economy it seeks to establish as changing how the environment is managed across the Sagebrush Steppe. Environmental Defense Fund's conservation instrument is reviewed through the economy created for and through the Greater Sage-grouse as an object of environmental governance. Habitat offsetting can, has and will change the physical, and political environment of Wyoming allowing powerful actors to write the rules of how the environment should be managed. As such, this dissertation questions whose environment the Environmental Defense Fund is defending as it explores sage-grouse management within the state.